Two studies found that while Graeber claimed that an increasing number (from 20-60%) of all jobs are useless, less than 8% of European workers reported feeling that their job is useless, and those numbers are declining rather than growing. Additionally, European essential workers like garbage collectors or janitors more often felt like their jobs were useless than people in jobs classified by Graeber as useless. The studies concluded that Graeber’s theories are insufficient to explain why workers feel their jobs are not socially useful and that toxic work culture and bad management were better explanations for those feelings.